Contents
Table of Contents
1. Active Remote Sensing - An Overview
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Power, frequency, Polarization and Propagation
1.2.1 Scattering and Power
1.2.2 Doppler Frequency Shift
1.2.3 Polarization
1.2.4 Propagation Effects
1.3 Precipitation Estimation & Hydrometeor Classification
1.3.1 Conventional Rainfall Estimation
1.3.2 Multiparameter Microphysical Techniques
Dual Frequency
Linear Co-polar Differential Reflectivity Method
Co-Polar Differential Phase Method
Co-Polar Differential Attenuation
Linear Cross-Polar Methods
Linear Cross-Correlation Method
Circular Polarization Methods
1.3.3 Kinematic Method for Precipitation Estimation
1.3.4 Electrical Effects
1.4 Doppler Methods in Mesoscale Kinematics
1.4.1 Quasi-Stratified Airflow and Profiling
1.4.2 Convective Scale Airflow - Single Doppler Techniques
1.4.3 Convective Scale Airflow - Multiple Doppler Techniques
Dual-Doppler Techniques
Multiple-Doppler Techniques
Airborne Doppler Radar
1.4.4 Thermodynamic and Other Retrievals
1.5 Scalar Profiling and Fluxes
1.5.1 Radio-Acoustic Temperature/Humidity Profiling
1.5.2 Dual-Wavelength Backscatter Techniques
1.5.3 Differential Absorption (DIAL) Techniques
1.5.4 Raman Scatter Technique
1.5.5 Doppler-Scalar Eddy Correlation
1.6 References
2. Applications of Doppler Weather Radar
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Applications
2.2.1 Wind vs Height
2.2.2 Front Location
2.2.3 Clear Air Features
2.2.4 Forecasting Thunderstorm Initiation
2.2.5 Severe Storms
Tornadoes
Macrobursts
Hail
2.2.6 Aviation Weather
Microburst Warnings
Windshift Forecasts
Weather Impacted Airspace
2.3 Conclusions
2.4 References
3. Multiparameter Radar Measurements - Theory and Applications
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Polarization of an Electromagnetic Wave
3.3 Polarimetric Radar
3.4 Measurement Techniques
3.5 Radar Resolution Volume Properties
3.6 Microphysical Properties of Hydrometeors and Polarimetric Radar MeasurementsI
3.6.1 Rain Medium
3.6.2 Ice Medium
3.7 Polarimetric Radar Data
3.7.1 Intercomparison of Polarimetric Signatures in Rain
3.7.2 Vertical Profile of Z
HH
and Z
DR
3.7.3 Z
DR
Hail Detection
3.7.4 Rainfall Estimation
3.7.5 Winter Storm Observations
3.8 Engineering Considerations
3.8.1 Polarization Switch
3.8.2 Antenna System
3.9 Summary and Concluding Remarks
3.10 References
4. Wind-Profiling Radars: An Introduction
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Wind Profiling Systems
4.3 Measurement Capabilities of Wind Profiling
4.3.1 Horizontal Velocity Measurement
4.3.2 Vertical Velocity
4.3.3 Divergence and Vorticity
4.3.4 Momentum Flux and Heat Flux Measurement
4.3.5 Turbulence
4.3.6 Atmospheric Stability
4.3.7 Precipitation Measurement
4.4 Applications of Wind-Profiling Radars
4.4.1 Research Applications
4.4.2 Operational Applications
4.5 Concluding Remarks
4.6 References
5. Sounding Systems and the Synoptic Network
5.1 History of the Radiosonde
5.2 The MicroArt System
5.3 Navigation Aid (navaid) - based Systems
5.4 The NeXt Upper-Air Sounding System (NEXUS )
5.5 Sensors
5.5.1 Temperature
5.5.2 Humidity
5.5.3 Pressure
5.6 Aircraft-based systems
5.7 The National and International Network
6. Understanding The Chemical Atmosphere
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Laboratory Measurements of Chemical Parameters
6.2.1 Absorption Cross Sections
6.2.2 Laboratory Measurements of Rate Constants
6.3 Measurements of Chemical Composition
6.3.1 Remote Sensing Techniques Using Satellites
6.3.2 Remote Sensing from the Ground and Aircraft
6.3.3 Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy
6.3.4 Resonance and Laser-Induced Fluorescence
6.3.5 Ambient Measurements of Chemical Composition - VOCs and
NO
x
,
NO
y
Measurements
6.4 Conclusion
6.5 References
7.
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
8. Meteorological Networks
8.1. Introduction
8.2. Site selection criteria
8.3. Communications Systems
8.3.1 Telephone
8.3.2 Direct radio
8.3.3 Satellite
8.3.4 Oklahoma Law Enforcement Telecommunications System
8.4. Power systems
8.5. Measurement site configuration
8.6. Instrumentation
8.6.1 Cloud height
8.6.2 Visibility
8.6.3 Present weather
8.6.4 Freezing rain
8.6.5 Wind vector
8.6.6 Temperature and relative humidity
8.6.7 Barometric pressure
8.6.8 Rainfall
8.6.9 Solar radiation
8.6.10 Soil Temperature
8.6.11 Leaf Wetness
8.7 Local data processing
8.8 Data Quality Assurance
8.8.1 Laboratory Calibrations
8.8.2 Field intercomparisons
8.8.3 Data Monitoring
8.8.4 Documentation
8.8.5 Independent Review
8.8.6 Publication of Data Quality Assessment
8.9 REFERENCES
9.
9.1
NCAR Advanced Study Program
http://www.asp.ucar.edu
